Service Of Court Papers

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Essay Writers

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Ten Simple Rules For Structuring Papers

Ten Simple Rules For Structuring Papers I even selectively check particular person numbers to see whether they're statistically plausible. I also rigorously have a look at the explanation of the outcomes and whether or not the conclusions the authors draw are justified and linked with the broader argument made in the paper. If there are any elements of the manuscript that I am not familiar with, I attempt to read up on those topics or consult other colleagues. I print out the paper, as I find it simpler to make feedback on the printed pages than on an electronic reader. You can higher highlight the most important points that must be dealt with by restructuring the review, summarizing the essential issues upfront, or adding asterisks. I would really encourage other scientists to take up peer-evaluation opportunities whenever attainable. Reviewing is a good learning experience and an thrilling factor to do. One will get to know tremendous recent analysis firsthand and acquire insight into other authors’ argument construction. If the paper has horrendous difficulties or a confused concept, I will specify that but won't do plenty of work to attempt to counsel fixes for every flaw. I spend a good amount of time looking on the figures. I additionally want to know whether or not the authors’ conclusions are adequately supported by the outcomes. Conclusions which might be overstated or out of sync with the findings will adversely influence my review and suggestions. I then delve into the Methods and Results sections. Are the strategies appropriate to investigate the research question and take a look at the hypotheses? Would there have been a better way to test these hypotheses or to analyze these results? Could I replicate the outcomes utilizing the knowledge in the Methods and the outline of the evaluation? It may also give you an overview of the brand new advances in the subject and help you when writing and submitting your individual articles. So although peer reviewing undoubtedly takes some effort, in the long run it will be price it. Also, the journal has invited you to evaluate an article based mostly in your experience, but there might be many stuff you don’t know. So when you have not fully understood something within the paper, do not hesitate to ask for clarification. It can take me quite a very long time to write a good evaluation, sometimes a full day of work and generally even longer. I read the manuscript very fastidiously the primary time, making an attempt to observe the authors’ argument and predict what the next step might be. At this primary stage, I try to be as open-minded as I can. I don’t have a formalized checklist, however there are a variety of questions that I usually use. I additionally suppose it's our responsibility as researchers to put in writing good reviews. The soundness of the whole peer-review process depends on the standard of the reviews that we write. The paper reviewing process might help you form your personal scientific opinion and develop crucial pondering skills. When I recommend revisions, I try to give clear, detailed feedback to information the authors. Even if a manuscript is rejected for publication, most authors can profit from recommendations. I attempt to persist with the details, so my writing tone tends towards neutral. Before submitting a evaluation, I ask myself whether or not I can be comfortable if my identity as a reviewer was identified to the authors. Passing this “identification check” helps ensure that my evaluation is sufficiently balanced and fair. Using a copy of the manuscript that I first marked up with any questions that I had, I write a brief summary of what the paper is about and what I feel about its solidity. Then I run by way of the particular points I raised in my summary in more element, in the order they appeared within the paper, providing web page and paragraph numbers for many. Finally comes a list of really minor stuff, which I attempt to keep to a minimal. I then typically undergo my first draft wanting on the marked-up manuscript once more to ensure I didn’t miss anything important. If I really feel there's some good materials within the paper however it needs plenty of work, I will write a reasonably long and specific evaluation stating what the authors must do. I normally don’t resolve on a suggestion till I’ve learn the entire paper, although for poor quality papers, it isn’t all the time essential to learn every thing. I start by making a bullet point record of the main strengths and weaknesses of the paper and then flesh out the review with particulars. I typically refer again to my annotated model of the web paper. I normally differentiate between major and minor criticisms and word them as directly and concisely as attainable. The detailed studying and the sense-making course of, in particular, takes a long time. Also, typically I notice that something is not fairly proper but can’t fairly put my finger on it until I even have correctly digested the manuscript.

Help With Writing A Research Paper Writing Center 24

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How To Write Paper Reviews

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Genre And The Research Paper

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How To Write Research Paper . . And Get An A+

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Proposal For Research Paper

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Proposal For Research Paper

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Proposal For Research Paper

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Proposal For Research Paper

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Recommended Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder

Recommended Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder Eating Disorders Treatment Print Recommended Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 30, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS Updated on February 18, 2020 Pamela Moore / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder in the United States. According to the National Eating Disorders Association, it is believed to affect 3.5% of women, 2% of men, and up to 1.6% of adolescents?? . It is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating without the compensatory behaviors found in bulimia nervosa. Binge eating disorder was only recently (in 2013 with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; DSM-5) classified as an official diagnosis. As such, knowledge about it lags behind that of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It is important to note that BED is not something new. Prior to the publication of the DSM-5, binge eating disorder was listed in the appendix and could be diagnosed as an Eating Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). Being identified as a distinct eating disorder means that individuals with this condition can receive more support and treatment. It also may result in further research on the condition and help reassure people that others share the same experience. Although commonly thought to be a “less severe” eating disorder, binge eating disorder can cause significant emotional and physical distress and is associated with significant medical issues and an increased mortality rate.?? CBT for Binge Eating Disorder First-line treatment for binge eating disorder in adults is individual psychological therapy. Manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most researched psychotherapy for BED, and at present, the best-supported among all treatment options.?? The most studied form of CBT for binge eating disorder was described in the book Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa: A Comprehensive Treatment Manual. The book was published in 1993 by Fairburn, Marcus, and Wilson and an update of that treatment, CBT-E, was published in 2008 by Fairburn.?? According to an extensive review of the literature in 2015, there are also still too few studies to draw conclusions about which formats of CBT might be most effective.?? In randomized control trials, CBT consistently shows that it can help many patients achieve abstinence from binge eating.?? In many cases where abstinence from bingeing is not achieved, it can help reduce both binge frequency and eating-related psychopathology (such as preoccupying thoughts about shape and weight). Greater improvements have been shown in therapist-led CBT than in therapies with less therapist involvement such as guided self-help.?? CBT is a time-limited approach that focuses on the interaction between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Key components of the treatment include psychoeducation, mindfulness, self-monitoring of key behaviors, cognitive restructuring, and establishing regular patterns of eating.?? CBT for BED addresses dietary restriction and the incorporation of feared foods. It also tackles thoughts about shape and weight and offers alternative skills for coping with and tolerating distress. Finally, CBT teaches clients strategies to prevent relapse. It is important to note that the goal of CBT is behavior change, not weight lossâ€"CBT for binge eating disorder do not necessarily lead to weight loss.?? Other Psychotherapies   Additional psychotherapies for binge eating disorder have been studied and have shown promise, although there are at present too few studies to definitively conclude if they are effective.?? Interpersonal therapy (IPT), a short term treatment that focuses on interpersonal issues, and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a newer form of CBT designed to address impulsive behaviors, are two treatments that have some research support for binge eating disorder. Mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT), which blends mindful eating with mindfulness strategies, has also shown promise.?? Medications   Antidepressants, primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have shown to be helpful in clinical trials in reducing the frequency of binges as well as eating-related obsessions. Antidepressants also (not surprisingly) reduced comorbid symptoms of depression.?? Vyvanse, an ADHD medication that became the first medication to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of BED, has been studied in three trials and was associated with reductions in binge episodes per week, decreased eating-related obsessions and compulsions, and reductions in weight.?? Anticonvulsant medications, particularly Topirimate, have also been studied and there is some limited evidence to suggest its usefulness. While the research on Vyvanse and recent FDA approval for the treatment of BED is promising, all medications carry a potential risk of adverse side effects not found with psychotherapy. A thorough discussion with your doctor can help you understand the pros and cons and if any medications are right for you. Binge Eating Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Self-Help and Guided Self-Help Researchers leading the 2015 review study, Management and Outcomes of Binge-Eating Disorder, note that “the number of therapists with expertise in CBT for BED is limited.”?? Given a large number of afflicted individuals, this limitation poses a challenge. One strategy to bridge the treatment gap has been the development of self-help and guided self-help treatments for binge eating disorder, which show promise.  ?? Concerns About Weight Loss Treatments Because a significant percentage of people who have BED are obese, individuals with BED have historically sought treatment for and been treated for weight loss.?? While some earlier studies seemed to show that behavioral weight loss might be effective for the treatment of BED, many of these studies were small and poorly designed. A 2010 study found that behavioral weight loss was inferior to CBT in reducing binge eating and also did not result in significant weight loss; they concluded, “effective methods for producing longer-term weight loss remain elusive.”?? Many eating disorder professionals now believe that attempts at weight loss among patients with BED may only exacerbate the problem and further entrench the disorder, causing intense shame and resulting in weight gain. While CBT and behavior change tends to result in weight loss, the main focus of these treatments is not on losing weight. How to Find Treatment   The Binge Eating Disorder Association (BEDA) maintains an online directory of member providers.?? Furthermore, some eating disorder specialists have experience in treating BED. It may be helpful to find a therapist who specializes in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Many CBT therapists work with disordered eating behaviors even though they may not specifically list BED. If you are unable to find a local specialist, you may want to consider self-help or guided self-help. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Recognize the German Subjunctive I, II

Mandatory Vaccination Program For Children - 1379 Words

Unlike many provinces in Canada, Alberta does not have a mandatory vaccination program for children. A mandatory vaccination program is needed in Alberta as it would not only reduce the number of infections caused by various diseases, but it would also force parents to vaccinate their children, keeping their children and the people around their children safe from infection. A chief of medical disease states that, â€Å"several studies showed that states or districts that allow philosophical exemptions to mandated vaccines have higher rates of vaccine preventable diseases† (qtd. in Offit). Therefore, if parents are forced to vaccinate their children it would ensure that their children are kept safe from diseases and would also lower the overall rate of infection by diseases in Alberta. If a mandatory vaccination program was initiated in Alberta it would also crush many controversies and myths that have circulated in the media and the public. This is because if parents were for ced to vaccinate their children then they would witness firsthand how none of these myths are caused by vaccines. Some of these myths include: Vaccines cause autism, multiple vaccines can increase the risk of harmful side effects, and vaccinations can cause infant death syndrome (â€Å"What Are Some Myths†). Furthermore, Studies have shown that vaccines decrease mortality and infection rates among the general population and also have shown that vaccines are more effective at preventing mortality if vaccines areShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Vaccination1665 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations, Worth A Shot! Mandated Vaccinations are a huge argument right now because of health and disease issues. There are people on both sides of this argument. Some people are against vaccinating their children because they feel they are being forced to have their child get vaccinated. While some people feel the need that vaccinations are important to protect themselves from any illness or diseases. Vaccinations should be mandatory for all schools and health care purposes. For one, peopleRead MoreImmunizations And Vaccinations : A Hot Topic1426 Words   |  6 Pages Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic Crystal L. Clauser Frostburg State University Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic In the United States, the childhood immunization schedule recommends that children receive approximately 15 vaccinations by 19 months of age, and it specifies ages for administration of each vaccination dose (Luman, Barker, McCauley, Drews-Botsch, 2005, p. 1367). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a vaccine is a product thatRead MoreYes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesYes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations Should vaccinations be mandatory for children entering school? At the present time, all fifty states in the United States require children entering public school to be vaccinated. However, no federal vaccination laws exist (ProCon.org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know?). Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate the First Amendment, which guarantees citizens the right toRead MoreHPV: The Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infection Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pageslegislators have being working to pass laws to require HPV vaccination for young girls before they enter school (Javitt, Berkowitz, Gostin, 2008). Case Study 6.3 Summary In a state with high rates of cervical cancer and a low rate of HPV vaccination, a public health director has some decisions to make (Shi Johnson, 2014). The state health department was given two options to help increase HPV vaccination rates: 1) require HPV vaccination for entrance into school for girls 11-12 years old, or 2)Read MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe government should mandate vaccinations, and although it would sacrifice the liberty and choice for public health it would keep the well-being and health of everyone much more safe and away from the risk of disease. Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vaccinated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeRead MoreIntroduction. The Very Controversial Issue Being Discussed956 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing discussed in this debate is the question should vaccinations such as HPV be mandated for teenage girls? Two different views are offered. This controversy began when the issue was introduced to the real world in 2006. The FDA announced a prophylactic vaccine against 4 strains of HPV. Most importantly is the fact that this vaccination has about a 70% protection against cervical cancers linked to HPV. More CDC recommends routine vaccination for 11-12-year-old girls. It also recommends 13-26-year-oldRead MoreChildren Should Not Receive Scheduled Vaccinations1508 Words   |  7 PagesChildren are a vulnerable group within a population with respect to diseases, which then increases their susceptibility to various illnesses, as adults generally have a stronger immune system as compared to children. Steens, Beasley, Tsui, and Lee (1975) argued that children are more prone to be a carrier of diseases than adults (as cited in Anderson and May, 1985). With that being said, the focus remains on vaccinating children as the majority are in school for a great amount of time where theyRead MoreVaccines : Harmful Or Helpful?905 Words   |  4 Pagesfew harmful ingredients found in many different vaccinations. A vaccine is a medical injection meant to promote the body’s natural construction of certain antibodies that ultimately prevent or control certain diseases in the body, such as the flu or chickenpox. Vaccines are controversial because of the harmful side effects, contradicting medical research, and mandatory government regulated vaccines. Firstly, vaccines are especially harmful to children. A person receives vaccines throughout their entireRead MoreMandatory Vaccination, and the High Risk of Vaccine-preventable Disease (VPD) to the Vaccine Refusal.1361 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinations demonstrate the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vaccinations were approved as a number one on the list of the Ten Great Public Health Achievements for the United States from 1900 to 1999. If a critical number of people within a community are vaccinated against a particular illness, the entire group becomes less likely to get the disease. This protection is called community, or herdRead MoreFederal And State Governments Should Not Mandatory Vaccination Of Adult Citizens762 Words   |  4 Pagesrequire vaccination of adult citizens. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend certain vaccinations for adul ts. An employee may require immunizations as a condition of employment (i.e. US military and healthcare workers). In addition, the CDC recommends certain vaccinations for teens and college students that attend school as a means to curtail the spread of highly communicable diseases such as meningitis. Finally, the federal government imposes vaccination requirements

Charles’ Law and Absolute Zero Free Essays

Date of experiment: November 4, 2010 Date submitted: November 11, 2010 Introduction: As per Charles’ Law, there is a linear relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas. Charles discovered that -273Â °C is the point at which a gas has no volume. Since that’s as cold as he thought things could ever get, that originated the idea of absolute zero. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles’ Law and Absolute Zero or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this experiment, Charles’ Law was applied and made into data to determine an experimental value for Absolute Zero. To do so, a fixed amount of gas was confined in a small, uniform sample tube.The temperature of the gas was changed, by being placed in water. The expected result is that as the temperature of the gas gets cooler (decreases), the volume of gas will decrease. Procedure: A 400mL beaker was filled with tap water and place on a hot plate until the thermometer read 55Â °C. Then a sample tube filled with two mercury plugs was obtained from the instructor. With a ruler, the distance between the two mercury plugs was recorded. Using small rubber bands, the sample tube was strapped to the ruler, which was then attached to the bottom of thermometer. A cork was attached onto the top of the thermometer, and then clamped in the beaker of pre-heated water. The initial temperature and distance between each plug in the pre-heated water were then recorded. Ice was added and stirred every so often to cool the temperature of the water. When the beaker was going to overflow, small amounts of the water were removed by a pipet. The temperature and distance between each plug were then recorded every two minutes. Eight sets of temperatures were recorded when the goal temperature of 0. Â °C was achieved. Data: 1) Temperature and Distance Between Mercury Plugs Every 2mins Time (minutes)| Temperature of water (Â °C)| Distance between plugs (mm)| 0 (Plugs out of water)| 49. 8| 60. 2 (in room temp)| 2 (Plugs in water)| 46. 3| 63. 8| 4| 42. 2| 63. 3| 6| 39. 3| 62. 2| 8| 24. 9| 60. 0| 10| 19. 1| 58. 6| 12| 7. 8| 56. 6| 14| 1. 9| 55. 1| 16| 0. 1| 54. 4| 18| 0. 1| 54. 4| Calculations: 1) Line of best fit: y=0. 1981x+54. 752 Slope (m): 0. 198 mm/C Y-Intercept (b): 54. 8 mm 2) Absolute zero (V=0): -276. 8Â °C 3) % Error:Excepted value: -273Â °C Discussion: My results show that as the temperature of the water decreased, the distance between the two mercury plugs decreased. This supports Charles’ Law which states . When creating my graph, I did not include the first initial temperature and length recordings. The plot was not anywhere near the others, and would have thrown off the slope. My value for absolute zero was fairly close to the excepted -273Â °C. There was a small difference of 3. 8Â °C between the two values, with a percent error or 1. 4%.My results were expected because I was obviously not going to get the perfect -273Â °C absolute zero value, due to experimental error. Sources of experimental error that could occur are if the initial temperature of the water was over 55Â °C and if the mercury plugs were not fully submerged in the water. If the water was over 55Â °C, then the ruler would have deformed from melting. This would make the ruler’s readings unreliable. If the mercury plugs were not fully submerged in the water then they would not get the full effect of temperature change. How to cite Charles’ Law and Absolute Zero, Essays

Introduction to Psychology Rating Attractiveness Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds

Introduction The article under consideration dwells upon a recent research concerning rating attractiveness (Queens College, 2009). The article reveals the major findings of the researchers. More than four thousand participants took part in the research. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 70. The participants were rating attractiveness of people depicted on photographs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Psychology: Rating Attractiveness: Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers found that there was â€Å"much more consensus† among males when rating attractiveness (Queens College, 2009). It was also reported that men paid more attention to physical characteristics of females, whereas women were less concerned with such characteristics. Interestingly, it was found that both men and women tend to find attractive people who looked mor e confident. It is also important to note that age is reported to play significant role in rating, since older people tend to find smiling people more attractive. The key assumption of the research claim Thus, the major claim of the researchers is that the present research can have numerous implications â€Å"for the different experiences and strategies that could be expected for men and women in the dating marketplace† and â€Å"for eating disorders and how expectations regarding attractiveness affect behavior† (Queens College, 2009). Admittedly, people’s behaviour is shaped by many factors. The key assumption that men and women behave in different ways in the â€Å"dating marketplace† is based on the researcher’s claim that men and women differently rate attractiveness. For instance, females are preoccupied with their appearance because they are aware of the fact that males judge females’ attractiveness in terms of physical characteristics . Viability of the claim It is important to state that the article under consideration provides enough information to assume that the researchers’ claim is viable. The article provides the key information about the research methodology. Admittedly, the number of participants and their age can be regarded as suffice for making viable claim. However, it is also necessary to point out that the article only mentions some of the findings which support the researcher’s claim. For instance, the article reports that the researchers came to the conclusion that the difference in rating of attractiveness influences people’s behaviour. Nevertheless, this claim requires more detailed description. The article does not reveal all facts supporting the researchers’ claim. It goes without saying that the reader should refer to the primary source (the article by Wood and Brumbaugh (2009)) to obtain more complete picture of the research and its findings.Advertising Look ing for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modifications When considering the claim provided in the article by Queens College (2009) the reader has to refer to the primary source, the article by Wood and Brumbaugh (2009) to find out more about the research itself and data which made the researchers come to their conclusions. For instance, the article by Queens College (2009) only mentions that the difference in attractiveness rating influences people’s behaviour and is manifested in the â€Å"dating marketplace† and has a great impact on eating disorders. Whereas, Wood and Brumbaugh (2009) support their claim by certain data which, for instance, suggest that among homosexual raters the tendency remains (1234). More so, the behaviour of heterosexual women and homosexual men or heterosexual men and homosexual women are similar, which is also manifested in the rate of eating disorders among heterosexual women and homosexual men who are more concerned with physical characteristics to attract potential partners (Wood and Brumbaugh, 2009, p. 1242). Apart from this (Wood and Brumbaugh, 2009) also report about the test concerning â€Å"short-term and long-term preferences† which also prove that the difference in attractiveness rating affects people’s behaviour. The participants were asked to comment upon possibility of dating with people depicted on the photographs. This part of the research was not highlighted in the article by Queens College (2009) and this is another evidence that the article is not detailed enough to fully prove the viability of the researchers’ claim. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to state that the article by Queens College (2009) though provides certain information which proves that the researchers’ claim about the difference of attractiveness rating is viable, the article still leaves out many important data. Therefore, the reader only gets an idea about the research: the major concern of the research, some data about methodology, the major claim of the researchers and some evidence of the claim’s viability. On the basis of the article under consideration the reader will only draw a conclusion that there is a difference between rating attractiveness and that it affects people’s behaviour. However, the reader will have too many questions as for validity of the researchers’ claim since a few arguments to support the claim are far from being enough. Therefore, the reader will need to refer to the primary source for more details.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Psychology: Rating Attractiveness: Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the article under consideration can be regarded as a successful article which announces the major claim of some research re fers the reader to the primary sources. It goes without saying that the article cannot be regarded as a profound and reliable source for further research of the problem. Reference List Queens College (2009, June 27). Rating Attractiveness: Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090626153511.htm Wood, D., Brumbaugh, C.C. (2009). Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(6), 1226-1244. This essay on Introduction to Psychology: Rating Attractiveness: Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds was written and submitted by user Camilo F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tell My Horse †A Travelogue by Zora Neale Hurston

Tell My Horse – A Travelogue by Zora Neale Hurston An offspring of the first African American migration from the South to North and Northwest, the Harlem Renaissance spanned roughly twenty five years (1910-1935). With literature, art, and music as the primary vehicle, the epoch was characterized by racial pride and desire to â€Å"uplift† the race (Bean, 1991). Proof of humanity, the demand for equality, perseverance, belief in self and ability, teamwork – the corresponding counter-balance racist circumstances – permeated the ideological core of this movement/ era.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Tell My Horse – A Travelogue by Zora Neale Hurston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Harlem Renaissance birthed many iconic African Americans figures with Zora Neale Hurston being among the cadre. Hurston’s literary repertoire comprised four novels, fifty plus short stories and plays as well essays with her 1935 short story â€Å"M ules and Men† and novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) as her magnum opus. An ardent folklorist of African American culture, her studies in anthropology and ethnography exude her work. Hurston’s extensive travels throughout the American South and Caribbean furthered her folkloric scope/lens. So called unrefined speech patterns or dialect permeate her work. Use of such idiomatic dialect as well as lack of political and even racial focus placed her at odds with Renaissance contemporaries and intelligentsia such as Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and Hughes, etc. who felt it was stereo-typical and fueled racist fodder. The conflict was only indicative of the dualistic nature of the era in terms of depiction of the African American experience in the United States and the Diaspora. A travelogue whether in the form of documentary, film, literature, or journal – describes a journey. Chronicling her ethnographic journey in Haiti and Jamaica is Hurton’s 1938 t ravelogue Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica. Opinion divided among literary critics and devotees, Tell My Horse is deemed her worst and most insignificant work or a fascinating guide and invaluable resource depicting Jamaican and Haitian culture, in particular the mysteries and horrors of voodoo. The fascination element is intensified because Hurston provides a vivid and authentic depiction in part due to not being a mere observer but rather a participant/initiate. Irony intertwined with allegory and incoherency characterizes the underlining message/theme and aura of the work. In the first chapter, Hurston provides a list of thought provoking and witty proverbs in which the surface meaning has an encoded dormant meaning. For example, the proverb Rockatone at ribber bottom no know sun hot Hurston translates as The person in easy circumstances cannot appreciate the sufferings of the poor (Hurston, 9).†Advertising Looking for term paper on american lite rature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proverbs and her interpretations have a duel purpose – they illustrate irony, humor, and most importantly the richness of the Jamaican philosophic culture and are Hurston’s self-reflexive commentary on her narrative. The title itself supports the narrative strategy in terms of the double voice nature. Tell My Horse (Parlay cheval ou’ in French) is a popular form of figurative speech in Haiti. The Horse symbolizes the voice of powerless speaking without repercussion. Under the whip and guidance of the spirit-rider, the horse does and says many things that he or she would never have uttered unbidden. That phrase Parlay cheval ou [tell my horse] is in daily, hourly use in Haiti and no doubt it is used as a blind for self-expression (Mikell, 221).† The narrative style is indicative of a pervading and coexisting dichotomy – freedom and constraint, self expression and vulnerability, the powerful and the powerless. Tragically Hurston died in obscurity and poverty. Much acclaim/focus on her work, however, has surfaced in the past thirty years. Capturing the pure simplicities of African American life and the Diaspora, Zora Neale Hurton’s literary contribution leaves an indelible mark on African American literature and the literary world as a whole. Bean, Annemarie.  A Sourcebook on African-American Performance: Plays, People, Movements. London: Routledge, 1999. Hurston, Zora Neale. Tell My Horse. 1938. New York: HarperCollins, 1990. Mikell, Gwendolyn. When Horses Talk: Reflections on Zora Neale Hurstons Haitian Anthropology. Phylon 43.3 (1982): 218-30. Wall, Cheryl A. The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. Ed. William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster, and Trudier Harris. Oxford University Press, 2001.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Tell My Horse – A Travelogue by Z ora Neale Hurston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Henri Becquerel and the Discovery of Radioactivity

Henri Becquerel and the Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine Henri Becquerel (born December 15, 1852 in Paris, France), known as Henri Becquerel, was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity, a process in which an atomic nucleus emits particles because it is unstable. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie, the latter of whom was Becquerel’s graduate student. The SI unit for radioactivity called the becquerel (or Bq), which measures the amount of ionizing radiation that is released when an atom experiences radioactive decay, is also named after Becquerel. Early Life and Career Becquerel was born December 15, 1852, in Paris, France, to Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel and Aurelie Quenard. At an early age, Becquerel attended the preparatory school Lycà ©e Louis-le-Grand, located in Paris. In 1872, Becquerel began attending the École Polytechnique and in 1874 the École des Ponts et Chaussà ©es (Bridges and Highways School), where he studied civil engineering. In 1877, Becquerel became an engineer for the government in the Department of Bridges and Highways, where he was promoted to engineer-in-chief in 1894.  At the same time, Becquerel continued his education and held a number of academic positions. In 1876, he became an assistant teacher at the École Polytechnique, later becoming the school’s chair of physics in 1895. In 1878, Becquerel became an assistant naturalist at the Musà ©um d’Histoire Naturelle, and later became the professor of applied physics at the Musà ©um in 1892, after his father’s death. Becquerel was the third in his family to succeed this position. Becquerel received his doctorate from the Facultà © des Sciences de Paris with a thesis on plane-polarized light- the effect utilized in Polaroid sunglasses, in which light of only one direction is made to pass through a material- and the absorption of light by crystals. Discovering Radiation Becquerel was interested in phosphorescence; the effect utilized in glow-in-the-dark stars, in which light is emitted from a material when exposed to electromagnetic radiation, which persists as a glow even after the radiation is removed. Following Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen’s discovery of X-rays in 1895, Becquerel wanted to see whether there was a connection between this invisible radiation and phosphorescence. Becquerel’s father had also been a physicist and from his work, Becquerel knew that uranium generates phosphorescence. On February 24, 1896, Becquerel presented work at a conference showing that a uranium-based crystal could emit radiation after being exposed to sunlight. He had placed the crystals on a photographic plate that had been wrapped in thick black paper so that only radiation that could penetrate through the paper would be visible on the plate. After developing the plate, Becquerel saw a shadow of the crystal, indicating that he had generated radiation like X-rays, which could penetrate through the human body. This experiment formed the basis of Henri Becquerel’s discovery of spontaneous radiation, which occurred by accident. Becquerel had planned to confirm his previous results with similar experiments exposing his samples to sunlight. However, that week in February, the sky above Paris was cloudy, and Becquerel stopped his experiment early, leaving his samples in a drawer as he waited for a sunny day. Becquerel did not have time before his next conference on March 2 and decided to develop the photographic plates anyway, even though his samples had received little sunlight. To his surprise, he found that he still saw the image of the uranium-based crystal on the plate. He presented these results on March 2 and continued to present results on his findings. He tested other fluorescent materials, but they did not produce similar results, indicating that this radiation was particular to uranium. He assumed that this radiation was different from X-rays and termed it â€Å"Becquerel radiation.† Becquerel’s findings would lead to Marie and Pierre Curie’s discovery of other substances like polonium and radium, which emitted similar radiation, albeit even more strongly than uranium. The couple coined the term â€Å"radioactivity† to describe the phenomenon. Becquerel won half of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity, sharing the prize with the Curies. Family and Personal Life In 1877, Becquerel married Lucie Zoà © Marie Jamin, the daughter of another French physicist. However, she died the following year while giving birth to the couple’s son, Jean Becquerel. In 1890, he married Louise Dà ©sirà ©e Lorieux. Becquerel came from a lineage of distinguished scientists, and his family contributed greatly to the French scientific community over four generations. His father is credited with discovering the photovoltaic effect- a phenomenon, important for the operation of solar cells, wherein a material produces electrical current and voltage when exposed to light. His grandfather Antoine Cà ©sar Becquerel was a well-regarded scientist in the area of electrochemistry, a field important for developing batteries that studies the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions. Becquerel’s son, Jean Becquerel, also made strides in studying crystals, particularly their magnetic and optical properties. Honors and Awards For his scientific work, Becquerel earned several awards throughout his lifetime, including the Rumford Medal in 1900 and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, which he shared with Marie and Pierre Curie. Several discoveries have also been named after Becquerel, including a crater called â€Å"Becquerel† both on the moon and Mars and a mineral called â€Å"Becquerelite† which contains a high percentage of uranium by weight. The SI unit for radioactivity, which measures the amount of ionizing radiation that is released when an atom experiences radioactive decay, is also named after Becquerel: its called the becquerel (or Bq). Death and Legacy Becquerel died from a heart attack on August 25, 1908, in Le Croisic, France. He was 55 years old. Today, Becquerel is remembered for discovering radioactivity, a process by which an unstable nucleus emits particles. Although radioactivity can be harmful to humans, it has many applications around the world, including the sterilization of food and medical instruments and the generation of electricity. Sources Allisy, A. â€Å"Henri Becquerel: The Discovery of Radioactivity.† Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 68, no. 1/2, 1 Nov. 1996, pp. 3–10.Badash, Lawrence. â€Å"Henri Becquerel.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 21 Aug. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Becquerel.â€Å"Becquerel (Bq).† United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Protecting People and the Environment, www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/becquerel-bq.html.â€Å"Henri Becquerel – Biographical.† The Nobel Prize, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/becquerel/biographical/.Sekiya, Masaru, and Michio Yamasaki. â€Å"Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852–1908): A Scientist Who Endeavored to Discover Natural Radioactivity.† Radiological Physics and Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, 16 Oct. 2014, pp. 1–3., doi:10.1007/s12194-014-0292-z.â€Å"Uses of Radioactivity/Radiation.† NDT Resource Center; www.nde-ed.org/EducationResou rces/HighSchool/Radiography/usesradioactivity.htm

Satisfaction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Satisfaction - Research Paper Example â€Å"The workforce in the health sector has specific features that cannot be ignored and motivation can play an integral role in many of the compelling challenges facing healthcare today† (Lambrou, Kontodimopoulos, and Niakas, 2010). The manager of the hospital or the health care center assumes the prime responsibility for keeping the nurses satisfied, because the performance of the organization as a whole is directly linked with the individualistic and collective performance of the nurses. This research was conducted with an intention of identifying ways to satisfy the nurses. Patient care is one of the most sensitive tasks that need to be dealt with immense delicacy and prudence because it not only involves dealing with people’s emotions along with taking care of their health but also has the potential to affect the public image of the hospital or the health care center for better or worse depending upon the quality of patient care delivered in it. Among the issues a manager of a hospital or a health care center is exposed to, two of the prime issues include late arrival of nurses, and shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis. The patient care is scheduled and everything works according to a plan. In such circumstances, late arrival of nurses disturbs the schedule which causes the issues of time management to surface. At the end of the day, this behavior of nurses incurs the hospital many indirect costs, which reduce the profitability of business. On the other hand, shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis is very dep ressing for the managers and administrators and it also brings a bad name to the organization. Rewarding the employees is fundamental to help them maintain a high self-esteem at the work place and keep their motivation for work high, and the same rule applies on the nurses. Nurses need to be rewarded in order to be satisfied enough to deliver their best

Argument Synthesis Paper on Animal Cruelty Essay

Argument Synthesis Paper on Animal Cruelty - Essay Example This is only the smallest thing you can do yet. In all cities of every state exist refuge and associations for the rescue of uninhabited animals. You can watch over No Kill protection and rescue groups in your region and observe if you can join in. A kind human being should refuse apathy in all its shapes (Carroll, 2001). If you observe animal mistreatment, take some action against the lawbreaker instantly like informing the officials. In my view it is necessary that animal cruelty be avoided at any cost. The solution to the avoidance lies in the individuals living in this world themselves. It is the duty of the individuals to ascertain out the causes of animal cruelty prevailing all over the world. This article would further explain animal cruelty and form a strategy that would help to avoid this problem. On fur farms animals are kept in overcrowded dirty cages, they are restricted to live in those small regions without any protection from the changing weather states. They do not even get the basic requirements like clean water, necessary protection from natural changes and veterinary care (Goranson, 1995). Fur farms restrict them to interact with nature and experience the natural activities like jumping, climbing, burrowing, and swimming. These extreme restrictions tire them from their life and due to lack of natural environment they become unable to deal with their life. To get the fur, fur farmers use inhumane ways of killing them. They try to practice the cheapest and the way which confirm the death of the animal. The cruelty can be confirmed by imagining their usual techniques which include suffocation, electrocution, poisonous gases and poisonous elements. A lot of animals are electrocuted by containing bars slotted in into their rectums and 240 volts pass all the way through their bodies (ASPCA, 2002). The animals shake, vibrate and often scream earlier than they have heart attacks and depart their life. Crude killing ways are not always successful, and at times animals "come to life" at the time when they are being skinned. Burberry, one of the leading bags and costume supplier, is well aware of the suffering that has been experienced in making the fur available for every fur-trimmed coat, hat, bag etc. Even after knowing this fact, the company does not stop using fur in its designs. Regardless of a number of alternatives available, it is use less to argue that they cannot stop using fur in their makings. There is no excuse for Burberry to continue helping the brutal humans in showing their cruelty by snatching the life of millions of animals for the sake of money and luxuries. To discourage Burberry and many other companies like them, who show that they are legal and are not involved in any such cruelty, we can stop using their products and notify them about our concern by simply contacting them via e-mail or their website. We must spread this news as much as we can, in order to provide a safe environment to the animals and to do justice with them. By using their products we are helping them in increasing their profits and buy more and more fur by killing more animals. Their products must be boycotted until they implement a fur-free plan (American Humane

Analysis of Financial Annual Reports

Analysis of Financial Annual Reports The Home Depot and Lowe’s Companies are major American home improvement retailers, keen rivals with Home Improvement leading both in sales and in profits. This assignment aims to analyse their operational and financial results in detail for a period of five years, namely 2002 to 2006 on the basis of the following Annual Reports filed by the companies with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Company Year Ending Year Ending Year Ending Year Ending Year Ending Home Depot January 28, 2007 January 29, 2006 January 30, 2005 February 1, 2004 February 2, 2003 Lowe’s February 2, 2007 February 3, 2006 January 28, 2005 January 30, 2004 January 31, 2003 The working details and financial calculations used for the analysis are available in the appendices at the end of the assignment. Whilst the two companies operate in the same market and are keen rivals, with Lowe’s’ being the nearest competitor to The Home Depot, the actual distance between these two is prima facie substantial with The Home Depot being practically two times the size of Lowe’s, both in sales and in profits. The analysis of the financial statements of the two companies for the five years 2002 to 2006 covers issues like the percentage increase in sales and profits during this period, as well as the analysis of a number of ratios that indicate (a) year on year increase of turnover and profits, (b) profitability, (c) use of long term assets, capital employed and working capital, and (d) capital gearing. An analysis and comparison of various financial and operational ratios over a period of a number of years helps in validating the authenticity of presented figures by enabling analysts to compare related figures, for example year on year increases in sales and profits, and the relationships between sales and profits, sales and capital employed, and current assets and current liabilities, and locate and investigate anomalies that arise from year to year. â€Å"While it is useful to understand the absolute quantum of each asset, liability and revenue item in isolation, far greater understanding of its implication with respect to the trend and performance of the company can be achieved by a `relationship study. For instance, if one studies profits in relation to sales for the current year and compares it with the same relationship for a series of years, a greater understanding of the trend and performance can be had. The `relationship study referred has two facets: i) the relationship of one item to another for the current or previous years, but in respect of the same company, and ii) the relationship of these parameters with industry figures or representative figures of competitors or of firms of similar size and operations. The first set enables one to understand the performance of the company in isolation, while the second gives an insight as to where the company stands vis-à  -vis the industry or competition.†Ã‚   (Osteryoung Others, 1992, p72) The following inferences can be drawn on the basis of information culled from the audited financial accounts and filed with the SEC. Whilst The Home Depot has been growing at a steady pace of around 10 to 11 % during the specified five year period, Lowe’s, which recorded a much higher pace of growth (of around 18 %) during the first four years found its year on year increase slowing to 8 % in the fifth (last) year. Both companies have comfortable Gross and Operating profit margins. Whilst GP margins have consistently been in the region of 30 %, Operating profit margins have remained at around 10 to 11 percent. Although both companies maintained their profitability margins during the five years, the profit before tax for The Home Depot was eroded significantly in 2006 because of substantial increase in finance charges, consequent to significant increase in debt. This increase in debt has increased the capital gearing ratio of the company from a low 0.08 to a more comfortable 0.30. An analysis of various operational ratios for both the companies over the five year period, by and large, indicates substantial s tability in their operations. Practically all ratios, ( and that too for both the companies), be they return on capital employed, asset utilisation, profitability, liquidity, working capital, or capital gearing, are remarkably stable from year to year for all five years, a fact that counters, (even if it does not negate) the possibility of manipulation of figures. The single large scale departure from the norm occurs in the case of capital gearing ratios for The Home Depot but that is explained by the increase in debt from 2672 million USD for the company in 2006 to 11643 million USD in 2007, a fact that also explains the change in interest cover and profit before tax for 2007. A detailed ratio analysis of the figures made available in the financial statements filed by the two companies with the SEC would thus tend to indicate (a) that both companies are progressing well, both in sales and in operational results, and (b) that the figures presented can be taken to be fair and representative of the working of the companies. Gauging the fairness and reliability of information available in the financial statements is however a far more complex exercise, the validity of the presented figures also depending upon other factors like (a) the value of plant, property and equipment, which may be depreciated on historical cost and thus be recorded at values much below current market rates, (b) securities reported at lower of cost or market, which usually means a recorded value below the current market rate, (c) recording of inventories at LIFO, whereas replacement costs are usually higher, (d) recording of debts or leases at favourable rates, (which amount to unrecorded assets because the company’s effective liability becomes lower than normal), (e) uncollected receivables bearing little or no interest, (e) obsolete or slow moving inventories, (f) under or overstatement of contingent liabilities such as threatened or imminent lawsuits, employee settlements like dismissal recompense, service and incentive c ontracts, obligations for goods returns and discounts, merchandise warranties, and guarantees of third-party borrowing. (Radebaugh Others, 2006) An analysis of the accounting policies and procedures of Lowe’s reveals that the company (a) operates a reserve for losses on obsolete inventory, inventory shrinkage, and sales returns, which is adjusted and charged to earnings every year, (b) records receivables that may change depending upon the performance of the company’s products, (c) does not have off balance sheet financing, apart from executing operating leases (d) monitors risks that could arise out of change in interest in long term debt, (e) has entered into an arrangement with GE in 2004 for sale of existing accounts receivables and those that would arise subsequently (f) has entered into an agreement with GG whereby GE funds the company’s proprietary credit card purchases (g) values assets at cost and depreciates them over their useful lives (h) undertakes self insurance for certain liabilities relating to workmen’s compensation, automobile, property and general and product liability claims. ( Annual Reports of Lowe’s Companies, 2003 to 2007) Whilst The Home Depot also by and large follows similar principles, the company (a) offers credit purchase programmes through third party credit providers, (b) depends substantially for sales achievement on offering extensive credit to customers (c) continually patents its intellectual property, (d) is involved in a large number of legal proceedings that could lead to payment of substantial amounts of money, (e) values inventories at lower of cost or market, a practice that could lead to off balance sheet assets (f) uses a number of estimates for reporting assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities, revenues and expenses, (g) has reasonably high receivables, which it needs to collect and whose accuracy is largely a matter of surmise (h) records assets at cost and depreciates them over their estimated useful lives (i) checks goodwill every year for impairment purposes (j) committed errors in stock option practices that led to an erosion of retained earnings to the tune of 227 million in 2006 (Annual Reports of The Home Depot, 2003 to 2007) Off balance sheet assets for both of these companies could arise from undervalued plant, property, and equipment, as well as inventories that may be worth more than their recorded value. On the other hand both companies do not have systems strong enough for effective recording of obsolescence, a fact that could lead to certain slow moving inventory items being shown at values higher than what could be realised in the market. With the companies having receivables that could change on the basis of the post sales performance of products, adverse changes in this area could lead to negative effect upon earnings. However it also needs to be considered at this stage that The Home Depot and Lowe’s have large operations and changes arising from behaviour of off balance sheet items could well be negligible in comparison to actual recorded figures. In value terms much of the difference in the evaluation of balance sheet items could arise from value of plant, property and equipment. With both retailers having extensive prime quality real estate by way of shop space in well frequented locations, the actual value of property may be far in excess of that stated in the financial statements. Whilst an actual quantification of value would have to be preceded by an elaborate exercise, it would be fair to surmise that such a valuation would lead to a substantial enhancement in the market values of both firms. Both companies recognise revenues when customers take possession of goods, whilst goods that have been paid for but not delivered to customers are shown as deferred revenue. This method is open to criticism because it does not sufficiently provide either for return of goods taken by customers or the possibility of customers not picking up goods for which they have made advance payments. Whilst large sales volume turnovers effectively mask the impact of such basic anomalies in accounting procedures, the adoption of conservative accounting practices for revenue recognition, where sales are confirmed only after customers accept goods as purchased could impact sales volumes significantly. Such a practice would obviously have a strong impact on ratios that concern sales, operations, and profitability. Whilst an analysis of ratios over a five year period for both companies does indicate long term stability of accounting practices, the accounting practices followed by The Home Depot indicate an excessive preponderance to use estimates and approximations for arriving at revenue figures. Although such practices could be based on past practice as well as eminently reasonable assumptions, the fact that serious errors have occurred in the past, especially in the practice and disclosure of stock options, indicate that the company should implement much stronger systems and adopt more conservative accounting policies. Another issue of concern with The Home Depot is the substantial amount of litigation in which it is currently involved. With the company admitting the possibility of the results of these lawsuits going against the company, the chances of substantial future outflows with adverse effects upon the company’s earnings does exist. As such, whilst The Home Depot is a far larger company, both by way of sales and by way of profits, than Lowe’s, an impartial evaluation of accounting policies and procedures indicates Lowe’s to be more carefully run. Whilst the current depression in the housing market is keeping investors away from home improvement companies, Lowe’s could well prove to be better equipped to riding out the current crisis and therefore a safer investment. Appendices All figures in Million US Dollars (unless otherwise stated) 1. Appendix A Balance Sheet of the Home Depot Description 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Long Term Assets 34263 29136 24747 21111 18094 Current Assets Inventories 12822 11401 10076 9076 8388 Accounts Receivables 3223 2396 1494 1097 1072 Others 1955 1472 2703 3155 2507 Total Current Assets 18000 15269 14273 13328 11917 Total Assets 52263 44405 39020 34437 30011 Current Liabilities Accounts Payables 7356 6032 5766 5159 4560 Others 5575 6674 4689 4395 3475 Total 12931 12706 10455 9554 8035 Debt 11643 2672 2148 856 1321 Others 2659 2118 2259 1620 853 Equity 25030 26909 24158 22407 19802 Total Liabilities 52263 44405 39020 34437 30011 2. Appendix B Profit and Loss Account of the Home Depot Description 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Net Sales 90387 81511 73094 64816 58247 Percentage Change 10.89 11.51 12.77 11.28 Cost of Sales 61054 54191 48664 44236 40139 Gross Profit 29783 27320 24430 20580 18108 Operating Expenses 20110 17957 16504 13734 12278 Operating Profits (before Interest and Tax) 9673 9363 7926 6846 5830 Finance Charges 365 81 14 3 (42) Profit before Tax 9308 9282 7912 6843 5872 Percentage Change 17 16 17 Tax 3547 3444 2911 2539 2208 Profits after Tax 5761 5838 5001 4304 3664 Basis Earnings per share 2.80 2.73 2.27 1.88 1.56 3. Appendix C Ratio Analysis of Home Depot Financial and Operational Results A. Profitability Ratios 1. Return on Capital Employed = Operating Profits (before Interest and Tax)/ Capital Employed Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Capital Employed is equal to Total Assets less Current Liabilities 39332 31699 28575 24483 22076 Operating Profits (before Interest and Tax) 9673 9363 7926 6846 5830 Return on Capital Employed (%) 24.59 29.53 27.73 27.96 26.41 2. Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales/ Capital Employed Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Capital Employed is equal to Total assets less Current Liabilities 39332 31699 28575 24483 22076 Sales 90387 81511 73094 64816 58247 Asset Turnover Ratio 2.29 2.57 2.56 2.65 2.64 3. Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit/ Sales * 100 Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Gross Profit 29783 27320 24430 20580 18108 Sales 90387 81511 73094 64816 58247 Gross Profit Margin (%) 32.95 33.57 33.42 31.75 31.09 4. Operating Profit Margin = Operating Profit (Profit before Interest and Tax) / Sales * 100 Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Operating Profits (before Interest and Tax) 9673 9363 7926 6846 5830 Sales 90387 81511 73094 64816 58247 Operating Profit Margin (%) 10.70 11.44 10.84 10.56 10.01 B. Asset Turnover Ratios 5. Long Term Assets Turnover = Sales/ Long Term Assets Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Long Term Assets 34263 29136 24747 21111 18094 Sales 90387 81511 73094 64816 58247 Long Term Assets Turnover 2.63 2.80 2.95 3.07 3.22 C. Liquidity Ratios 6. Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Current Assets 18000 15269 14273 13328 11917 Current Liabilities 12931 12706 10455 9554 8035 Current Ratio 1.39 1.20 1.37 1.40 1.48 7. Accounts Payable Cover = Current Assets / Accounts Payables Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Current Assets 18000 15269 14273 13328 11917 Accounts Payables 7356 6032 5766 5159 4560 Accounts Payable Cover 2.45 2.53 2.48 2.58 2.61 D. Capital Structure, Gearing and Risk Ratios 8. Gearing Ratio = Long Term Debt/ Capital Employed Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Long Term Debt 11643 2672 2148 856 1321 Capital Employed = Total Assets less Current Liabilities 39332 31699 28575 24483 22076 Gearing Ratio 0.30 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.06 9. Shareholder’s Ratio = Shareholder’s Funds/ Capital Employed Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Shareholders Funds 25030 26909 24158 22407 19802 Capital Employed 39332 31699 28575 24483 22076 Shareholder’s Ratio 0.64 0.85 0.85 0.92 0.90 10. Interest Cover = Profit before Interest and Tax/ Interest Details 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Operating Profits (before Interest and Tax) 9673 9363 7926 6846 5830 Finance Charges 365 81 14 3 (42) Interest Cover 26.5 115 566 2282 NA 4. Appendix D Balance Sheet of Lowe’s Companies All figures in Million US Dollars (unless otherwise stated) Description 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Long Term Assets 19447 16851 14235 12229 10541 Current Assets Inventories 7144 6635 5850 4584 3968 Accounts Receivables (Included in Others) Others 1170 1153 1016 1938 1600 Total Current Assets 8314 7788 6866 6522 5568 Total Assets 27761 24639 21101